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| Korea Ranked Low on Forbes 'Venture' Survey |
| A study conducted by the US economic magazine Forbes ranked Korea
18 out of 25 nations worldwide and 7 out of 8 Asian nations in terms of
start-up conditions for businesses, reportedly lower than the same of most
other Asian nations including China, Taiwan, Japan and Malaysia. |
The magazine reportedly ranked the United States as number one, while ranking
Singapore and Hong Kong as number two and three respectively. Taiwan reportedly
came in eight and Japan 12, while Malaysia and China ranked 15 and 17 respectively.
On the other hand, the magazine ranked India 20.
The study incorporated an index developed by IMD, known as competitiveness
index, that sums up start up expenses such as legal and financial, and
quantifies accessibility to capital markets and the level of taxation on
stock options and capital gains.
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Forbes also calculated that the number of days needed to start up a
business is the least in Australia with three days, followed by the United
States with seven days, while it takes 46 days in Korea and Taiwan to start
up a business, which is longer than 36 days needed in Singapore and the
41 days in Hong Kong, but shorter than 50 days needed in Japan, 111 days
in China and 66 days in France.
| The magazine cited France, which imposed a tax of up to 70% on stock
options given to CEOs, as responsible for driving away many promising venture
companies to the United States. |
Forbes also conducted a survey on venture investors and entrepreneurs and
discovered that it doesn't only require good academic credentials and entrepreneurial
skills to start up a business but also large conglomerates.
Moreover, the survey indicated that the tax and labor policy of nations
has a big impact on start-up companies.
The magazine cited France, which imposed a tax of up to 70% on stock
options given to CEOs, as responsible for driving away many promising venture
companies to the United States.
(Huh In-jung, njung@chosun.com)
This article are provided by Chosun
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| Any views expressed in Sungeiway.com News Magazine
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opinions of the sungeiway.com |
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"I think, therefore I exist"
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
French mathematician & philosopher |
|
| The mother of all freedoms |
Param Cumaraswamy
| In countries around the world, governments resort to legal sanctions
to silence journalists who are investigating and exposing high-level government
corruption, human rights abuses by security forces or who are simply questioning
the wisdom of various government policies. |
Criticism of individual members of government or of other public
figures is also often stifled, even where such criticism clearly relates
to their public role. The public, however, has a right to know about such
matters, which are at the core of democratic debate. It is, therefore,
not legitimate for governments to stifle discussion on these types of issues.
There are many areas in which laws can be abused to stifle legitimate
criticism; I propose to mention only two of the most significant, laws
to protect individual reputation, or defamation law, and laws on national
security.
As I mentioned previously, certain restrictions to freedom of expression
are accepted under international law, and protection of reputations and
of national security are two such areas. However, in many cases, governments
resort to an excessively broad application of these restrictions, so that
they do not meet the test of ¡Ænecessity¡Ç as
required under international law.
Protection of reputation
It is, of course, legitimate to allow people to protect their reputation
and defamation laws exist around the world for this purpose. It is vital,
however, that such laws be narrow in scope and take fully into account
the requirements of democratic debate and freedom of expression.
The appropriate balance between the right to freedom of expression and
protection of reputations is set out in the Article 19 publication, Defining
Defamation, which has been endorsed, among others, by the UN Special Rapporteur
on Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
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Government, public officials and other public figures should not be
able to use defamation actions to stifle debate about matters of public
interest, even where such matters may be embarrassing or may reflect badly
upon them, although in practice many do.
In relation to all matters affecting government, the public has a right
to know. Freedom of expression requires that there be virtually unlimited
and extremely robust debate in relation to public, political and governmental
processes, policies and practices.
In the interests of such debate, governments, public bodies and publicly-owned
corporations should be precluded from taking action to protect their ¡Æreputation¡Ç.
Only natural persons have a legitimate interest in their reputation and
only they should be able to bring defamation actions.
When a natural person is, however, a member of the government, a public
official or a public figure, even a member of the royal family, the right
to reputation must be balanced with the right of the public to know and
to debate the activities, policies and practices of such people in their
public role.
There is a fundamental difference between criticising the prime minister
for not doing enough to tackle corruption and criticising him for not being
a sufficiently loving father. In the former case, the public¡Çs
right to debate such an issue must be paramount.
Without doubt, it can be difficult to strike the correct balance. But
provisions which give enhanced protection to the reputations of government
and public figures reverse the assumption that, in a democracy, such people
are accountable to the public.
| Government, public officials and other public figures should not
be able to use defamation actions to stifle debate about matters of public
interest, even where such matters may be embarrassing or may reflect badly
upon them, although in practice many do.
In the interests of such debate, governments, public bodies and publicly-owned
corporations should be precluded from taking action to protect their ¡Æreputation¡Ç.
Only natural persons have a legitimate interest in their reputation and
only they should be able to bring defamation actions. |
Individual members of the government and other public figures should be
required to tolerate a higher degree of criticism than ordinary members
of the public. They should not use defamation actions to silence their
political critics.
This principle has been established in a long series of cases before
international bodies and is fundamental if the public is to be able to
receive information and opinions about those who govern them and who spend
public money.
Another problem with defamation laws is awards of excessive damages.
It is clear that the guarantee of freedom of expression also applies to
the quantum of damages applied in defamation actions.
Excessive damages have a chilling effect on freedom of expression. Hence
in the Tolstoy case in 1995 the European Court on Human Rights struck down
a ?1.6 million award by a UK jury as oppressive and violated the freedom
of expression provision in the European Convention. The trend now in many
countries is to cap the awards.
National security restrictions
It is clear that freedom of expression may be restricted if national
security is genuinely threatened. However, this concept is frequently abused
to limit criticism of officials and to hide government corruption or wrongdoing.
It is important that the law clearly and narrowly define what is meant
by national security. Such definition should recognise that national security
restrictions relate to protection of the interests of the nation rather
than those of a particular government or branch of the military or security
services.
In these circumstances the protection of the national security interest
should always be balanced against the public¡Çs right to know
and to debate issues of public concern.
In this regard the words of Sir Winston Churchill in 1938 are noteworthy.
He said of the Official Secrets Act (OSA):
¡ÈThe Official Secrets Act was devised to protect the national
defences and ought not to be used to shield ministers who may have neglected
the national defences. It ought not to be used to shield ministers who
have strong personal interests in concealing the truth about matters from
the country¡É.
The Johannesburg Principles on National Security and Freedom of Expression,
produced by Article 19 and endorsed by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom
of Opinion and Expression, seek to define a legitimate national security
interest. According to these principles, a national security restriction
is not legitimate unless its genuine purpose and demonstrable effect is
to protect the country¡Çs existence or its territorial integrity
against the use or threat of force, or its capacity to respond to the use
or threat of force.
National security restrictions are specifically not legitimate if their
purpose and effect are to protect the government from embarrassment or
exposure of wrongdoing, to conceal information about the functioning of
public institutions, or to entrench a particular ideology.
A publication or broadcast should only be treated as a threat to national
security where it is clearly intended to incite imminent violence, it is
likely to incite such violence and there is a direct and immediate connection
between the expression and the likelihood of such violence.
It is clearly not legitimate to charge a journalist with an offence
merely for suggesting a different form of government or for alleging corruption
in the government or military. Indeed, none of the examples given above
would satisfy these criteria. It is vital that governments recognise that
they must, at all times, act in the interests of the public.
Furthermore, there must be a clear link between a given statement and
the risk of harm to national security before that statement may legitimately
be subject to sanction. Courts called upon to interpret restrictions on
freedom of expression must bear these principles in mind. Restrictive legislation
on fundamental rights must be restrictively interpreted.
Right to peaceful assembly
The right to peaceful assembly is an intrinsic part of the right to
freedom of expression. Unless citizens are allowed freely to assemble peacefully
and exchange expression of thoughts and opinions, freedom of expression
would be meaningless. This right too is protected under international law.
Article 20 of ICCPR expressly calls upon member states to recognise
this right. Restriction can only be imposed under law ¡Èwhich
are necessary ... in the interests of national security or public safety,
public order, the protection of public health or morals on the protection
of the rights and freedom of others¡É.
On Dec 9, 1998, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the UN General Assembly adopted a Declaration
commonly known as the ¡ÆDeclaration on Human Rights Defenders¡Ç.
This instrument has vested in every individual or group of individuals
the duty to strive for the promotion and protection of human rights.
It further obligates the State to provide the means for the expression
of this right including the right to peacefully oppose acts or omissions
attributable to the state that result in human rights violations.
The Malaysian scenario
In her statement to commemorate World Press Freedom Day last year Mary
Robinson said, amongst others: ¡È¡Ä in the past
few months alone, newspapers in Iran, Malaysia and Central Africa have
found closure because their reporting upset powerful people¡É.
In October 1998 the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and
Expression undertook a mission to Malaysia. He presented his report to
the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1999.
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In his concluding remarks he expressed, amongst others, concern, ¡Èat
the extent of the limitations on the right to freedom of opinion and expression
in the national legislation in Malaysia¡É.
With regard to the laws to protect the security of the State he said
he was ¡Ècompelled to conclude that certain wording in and
the implementation of these laws, in particular the Internal Security Act
(ISA), the Sedition Act and the Printing Presses and Publication Act, fail
to offer adequate protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
as provided for by applicable international human rights law, including
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights¡É.
Among his recommendations to the government he called for the repeal
of the ISA and amendments to the Printing Presses and Publication Act,
the Sedition Act and the OSA. He also called for the repeal of regulations
on annual licensing of newspapers ¡È... in order to ensure
that any registration requirements serve an administrative purpose only
and one not used to impose restrictions on the media outside the scope
of Article 19 of the Universal Declarations on Human Rights¡É.
| Democracy is often described as a government of the people, by the
people and for the people.
What this entails simply is that the people should at all times be
in control of the government and not vice-versa.
In this context a vibrant, independent free press is indispensable.
Only such a media can extract accountability and transparency from the
government.
When there is accountability and transparency, good governance across
the spectrum of the government and all its institutions will be in place. |
He called on the government to ¡È... align its national law
with the provisions of international law relating to freedom of opinion
and expression¡É. He also urged the government to respect
the right of Malaysians to hold peaceful demonstrations and assemblies.
These recommendations from a UN expert went to deaf ears. The government¡Çs
brief response to the report at the Commission session was apathetic. The
only government reaction here came from the then minister in charge of
law.
He was reported to have said that the Special Rapporteur¡Çs
report was all a lie. That is the kind of scant respect the government
has for international law and UN standards. Yet this is the government
which aspires and seeks high offices in international organisations.
It held the Presidency of the General Assembly and the Chair of the
Human Rights Commission. It took a seat in the Security Council. Yet it
has not ratified any of the main UN treaties on human rights.
Conclusion
Democracy with all its imperfections is still seen as the best system
of government. It is not realised just by the party in power submitting
itself to periodic elections. The government¡Çs performance
in between elections is equally important or even more.
Democracy is often described as a government of the people, by the people
and for the people. What this entails simply is that the people should
at all times be in control of the government and not vice-versa.
In this context a vibrant, independent free press is indispensable.
Only such a media can extract accountability and transparency from the
government. When there is accountability and transparency, good governance
across the spectrum of the government and all its institutions will be
in place.
When the press is muzzled or restricted, governmental lawlessness will
continue unchecked. A government fearful of such an independent free press
is not worthy of the trust of the people.
Let us salute the thousands of courageous journalists all over the world
who sacrificed so much in one way or another in defence of this mother
of all freedoms.
---------------------------------
PARAM CUMARASWAMY is the United Nations Special Rapporteur for the
Independence of Judges and Lawyers. He presented the above paper at a forum
in conjunction with World Press Freedom Day organised by the Sin Chew Jit
Poh Chinese daily recently.
This article are provided by MalaysiaKini.com
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| Reach out to Iran, Says U.S. Largest Oil Company |
| The U.S.-based oil giant, Conoco Inc, admitted that Washington's
poor relations with Tehran make it difficult for U.S. companies to develop
new energy supplies for world markets, a fact detrimental to the energy
security of the U.S. and the world. |
In his article entitled "A Case Against Unilateral Sanctions," published
in Malaysia's leading English-language daily the New Straits Times, Chairman,
President and Chief Executive Officer of Conoco Archie W. Dunham, said:
"We should be reaching out to Iran, not striving to isolate it. The U.S.
needs more reliable and powerful friends in the region, not fewer.
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"Many U.S. companies, including my company Conoco, have been vocal critics
of unilateral sanctions. Our mission is to persuade the U.S. government
to curtail the use of unilateral sanctions and find more constructive,
effective ways of promoting positive change around the world," Archie said.
He maintained that American business leaders have voiced disagreement toward
their government's use of unilateral santions because they felt this was
not only harming their business but did not also help Washington to achieve
its foreign policy aims in anyway. The price of unilateral sanctions is
extremely high and their success was extremely low.
| "Within weeks, the French company TotalFinaElf captured the project
on the same terms we had negotiated. In effect, they signed the contract
I worked so hard for many months to negotiate,"
Archie |
American companies lost at least $15 billion in exports to foreign competitors
in the 26 countries subject to U.S. sanctions, he said.y "For American
workers, it means the loss of 200,000 jobs," he said. While unilateral
sanctions affect many industries, the U.S. petroleum industry is most badly
affected. That's because several of the targeted countries, including Libya
and Iran, are among the most oil-rich nations on earth, Archie said. He
said Conoco encountered the sanctions issue first-hand in 1995. At that
time, Archie said Conoco was poised to become the first western company
to consummate a petroleum development agreement with Iran since its revolution
nearly two decades before. But after the agreement was signed, the White
House issued an executive order preventing Conoco from implementing the
agreement. "Within weeks, the French company TotalFinaElf captured the
project on the same terms we had negotiated," he said. "In effect, they
signed the contract I worked so hard for many months to negotiate," he
said, adding that from an economic standpoint, the real beneficiaries are
the foreign competitors, the losers are the U.S. companies, their shareholders
and the American economy." "Along with the economic toll, unilateral sanctions
can have a detrimental and far-reaching effect on America's energy security
and foreign policy around the world," Archie said.
He also said that in the energy industry Iran has great strategic importance.
"Iran holds roughly 9 percent of the world's oil and 15 percent of the
world's natural gas reserves. Iran controls half of the coastline of the
Persian Gulf and one side of the Strait of Hormuz, through which half of
the world's oil moves. "Iran also has large refining centers located close
to the Caspian Sea," he said. Those refineries, Archie said, could absorb
a sizeable volume of oil from Caspian and Central Asian producers through
swaps and exchanges at Iran's Khark Export Terminal, a key gateway to the
Asia Pacific market for producers in the landlocked Caspian region. "As
a result, these sanctions are sustaining loss to the American companies
like our firm and simultaneously beneficial for foreign companies," he
concluded.
This article are provided by IRAN
NEWS
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| R&D: The Secret of Qualcomm's Success |
| Donald E. Schrock, president of CDMA technologies at Qualcomm, is
visiting Korea to participate in "EXPO Korea 2001," a domestic exhibition
for wireless technology. Qualcomm recorded US$3.2 billion in revenue and
US$670 million net income in 2001 with a single technology, CDMA (Code-Division
Multiple Access digital encoding). Qualcomm invests 20 % of its revenue
in R&D to develop core technologies. The following is an exclusive
interview with President Schrock, by the Chosun Ilbo. |
-How did Qualcomm grow to be one of the top 500 companies in Fortune
from a small, San Diego-based start-up in 1985?
"Our CEO, Irwin Jacobs, has a strong background in digital communications,
coming from MIT. He was successful in commercializing CDMA technology,
which was once used on satellite systems in the 60s. His strong belief
in this source technology and sharing it with a partner shaped Qualcomm.
We are currently providing CDMA chips to our Korean partners, which include
Samsung, Hyundai, LG and Pentec. And our Korean partners provide handset
terminals to other Asian countries such as China and Malaysia. We gave
up our handset production line and only focus on core technology. You can
make over US$3 billion in revenue just by promoting one technology. A small,
start-up company can seize the opportunity by focusing and developing a
source technology, rather than just expanding the company."
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-Qualcomm was able to grow because Korean companies chose CDMA technology,
and one Korean handset manufacturer even paid over US$600 million to Qualcomm
just in licensing fee. Some companies are objecting to such high licensing
fees.
| "We gave up our handset production line and only focus on core technology.
You can make over US$3 billion in revenue just by promoting one technology.
A small, start-up company can seize the opportunity by focusing and developing
a source technology, rather than just expanding the company."
Donald E. Schrock |
"Qualcomm was successful because Korea chose CDMA technology and that is
why the Korean market is a top priority for Qualcomm. Korean companies,
however, are world leaders in mobile phones, using Qualcomm technology.
Therefore, Korean companies and Qualcomm have mutually beneficial relationship."
-How is R&D investment carried out in Qualcomm?
"Selecting an engineer with a vision is critical. We recruit motivated,
goal-directed engineers from research centers and universities. Then we
make large investments in R&D. Stock options also help in developing
new technologies. In addition, top management should have the ability to
spot a competitive technology.
(Kim Young-soo, yskim2@chosun.com)
This article are provided by Chosun
Ilbo
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| Tycoon¡Çs libel suit against journalist
discontinued |
K Kabilan
| The New South Wales Supreme Court has allowed Malaysian tycoon Vincent
Tan and his Australian company Carlovers Carwash Ltd to discontinue their
defamation suit against freelance journalist Ganesh Sahathevan last week. |
Ganesh told malaysiakini today that the court allowed the discontinuation
on the condition that they do not ¡Èinstitute or continue
proceedings in Australia or Malaysia¡É in the future.
¡ÈThe court agreed with arguments of my counsel Judith
Gibson that if the plaintiffs were allowed to withdraw without strict conditions,
I would be put at grave disadvantage because the same issues could be sued
for in Malaysia, and the Supreme Court in NSW would be obliged to enforce
judgment against me of a Malaysian judgment on the same matter,¡É
said Ganesh.
He said that the NSW court also ordered the plaintiffs to pay costs
to him over their application to discontinue.
|
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The discontinuation was confirmed by officials at the NSW Supreme Court.
However, solicitors for the plaintiffs were not available for comment.
Tan and directors of Carlovers sued Ganesh for defamation and ¡Èinjurious
falsehood¡É after he sent e-mails dated Nov 14, 1999, and
Jan 11 last year to business journalists in Australia and Malaysia, allegedly
making misleading and deceptive allegations about Carlovers - which was
suspended from the Australian Stock Exchange after failing to produce an
annual report. He also sent a copy to company executives, seeking comment.
| Tan and directors of Carlovers sued Ganesh for defamation and ¡Èinjurious
falsehood¡É after he sent e-mails dated Nov 14, 1999, and
Jan 11 last year to business journalists in Australia and Malaysia, allegedly
making misleading and deceptive allegations about Carlovers - which was
suspended from the Australian Stock Exchange after failing to produce an
annual report. |
Gag order
The plaintiffs then obtained an injunction from the court last February
to restrain Ganesh from distributing information about Tan's troubled Berjaya
Group, whose interests in Australia include Carlovers, the Video Ezy (video-rental
chain) and Sydney's World Square building site.
The injunction, granted under the Fair Trading Act, drew condemnation
from the Australian Press Council and resulted in the Fair Trading ministry
intervening in the case, arguing that ¡Èwe do not want consumer
protection legislation used as a de facto gag on the media¡É.
Following this, the Supreme Court then struck down the ¡Ègag
order¡É citing that under the Fair Trading Act, Ganesh was
a ¡Èprescribed information provider¡É and thus
exempt from its provisions.
| The injunction, granted under the Fair Trading Act, drew condemnation
from the Australian Press Council and resulted in the Fair Trading ministry
intervening in the case, arguing that
¡Èwe do not want consumer protection legislation used
as a de facto gag on the media¡É. |
Ganesh is also involved in another legal tussle with Tan, this time in
the Kuala Lumpur Industrial court. Ganesh claims that he was unfairly dismissed
from Tan-controlled The Sun newspaper in 1999. The hearing continues later
this month.
This article are provided by MalaysiaKini.com
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| Moscow Bids to Host Formula 1 |
| Formula One management boss and Vice-President of the FIA, Bernie
Ecclestone, has confirmed that Moscow is very likely to host a Grand Prix
as soon as 2003 after the construction of a race track on the Nagatino
flood lands in the north of the capital has been completed. |
Bernie Ecclestone and the president of the TWR company Tom Walkingshaw
who is overseeing the Nagatino track¡Çs construction, have
reported on their recent visit to Moscow. As expected, Moscow authorities
said that they had found the funds and resources for the project. However,
Ecclestone and Walkingshaw, as well as the chairman of the Moscow Municipal
Government¡Çs Tourism Committee Grigory Antyufeyev, refused
to reveal the precise cost of the project.
Ecclstone said that regardless of the project¡Çs cost,
the investors would pay in full. He also said that the Moscow track would
be outstanding - which in turn means that the Moscow city officials, known
for their passion for expensive, grandiose projects, will be really generous.
According to preliminary reports, the track will cost $400 million, and
the cost of the whole complex at Nagatino will amount to $1 billion. The
names of the investors and contractors have not yet been disclosed, but
it is already known that the Moscow authorities will not invest from the
city budget. The Moscow city government will contribute by providing the
land on the Nagatino flood lands and help with attracting investors.
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The business plan stipulates that the Nagatino racetrack will be built
in 1,5 years and the creation of the surrounding infrastructure will take
about two years. The breakeven point is forecast at seven or eight years
after the completion of the construction. The Moscow city authorities hope
that the racetrack will attract an additional 400 thousand foreign visitors
to the capital.
| It should be noted, however, that the construction of
the racetrack does not automatically mean that the F1 races will take place
there.
Ecclstone told journalists that no additional Grand Prix races are
due to be added to the calendar, so in order to accommodate a new venue,
a current venue would have to be dropped. 8 racetracks are currently being
built in the World which means that the competition will be bitter, especially
from Beirut and Dubai, which are also very keen to host a Grand Prix race. |
One can say that the first stage of Formula-1¡Çs expansion
to Russia has passed successfully; both the site and means for the construction
have been found. A team headed by the FIA nominated designer Ermann Tilke
will now develop the racetrack project and as soon as the Moscow mayor
and the city construction council adopt the project, the works on the Nagatino
flood lands will commence.
It should be noted, however, that the construction of the racetrack
does not automatically mean that the F1 races will take place there. Ecclstone
told journalists that no additional Grand Prix races are due to be added
to the calendar, so in order to accommodate a new venue, a current venue
would have to be dropped. 8 racetracks are currently being built in the
World which means that the competition will be bitter, especially from
Beirut and Dubai, which are also very keen to host a Grand Prix race.
In an obvious attempt to allay the investors¡Ç potential
worries, Grigory Antyufeyev said that the racetrack would not be unused
even if Moscow does not host a Grand Prix race. A race school would be
built in Nagationo, where local F1 drivers will be trained.
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| This article are provided by Gazeta.RU
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| PC Rooms Offer Name Cards With an Edge |
| A new venture company allows Netizens to make computer-generated
caricatures of themselves and to paste the image on their e-mails, websites
and name cards. |
Sidewalk caricature artists beware. A local Korean venture company may
soon put you out of business.
A new venture company allows Netizens to make computer-generated caricatures
of themselves and to paste the image on their e-mails, websites and name
cards.
The cards are the brainchild of Inotec (www.inotec.co.kr). The company
just launched its caricature service, dubbed Ucari at three specially-equipped
PC Bangs located in the Seoul metropolitan area. |
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Ucari's caricature-making service can shoot the face of a user with
a web cam on the PC. Then the program will turn out a humorous caricature
of the customer based on the input information. Customers have some say
in how wild they want it to be and can request big noses, chins, ears or
lips.
| Ucari's caricature-making service can shoot the face of a user with
a web cam on the PC. Then the program will turn out a humorous caricature
of the customer based on the input information. Customers have some say
in how wild they want it to be and can request big noses, chins, ears or
lips. |
The completed caricature can be immediately printed out in business cards
or stickers through a color printer installed in a PC bang.
Currently the service is free, but the company soon plans to charge
2,000 won for a sheet of stickers to 10,000 won for thirty name cards.
Company president Park Ho-sung said that Ucari will become a major new
profit source for PC bangs, adding that the company will soon expand the
number of PC bangs that provide such service.
(Tak Sang-hoon, if@chosun.com)
This article are provided by Chosun
Ilbo
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| Sex Trade Enslaves 50 Thousand Russian Women A Year |
| On Wednesday the first campaign to warn Russian women about sex
slavery was launched in Moscow. Each year an estimated 50 thousand Russian
women, including teenagers are lured abroad by the promise of well-paid
jobs only to find themselves forced into prostitution. |
Valentina Gorchakova, the director of the Moscow branch of ¡ÆAngel¡Ç,
an international coalition formed to combat the trafficking of women, described
how the slave traders typically work: Criminal organizations place adverts
in papers offering work abroad. Many women believe the offers are genuine,
sign bogus contracts and some even pay the expenses to travel to their
new ¡Æjobs.¡Ç Those with no money are given credit
and sign a note of debt to the ¡Æemployer¡Ç
At Wednesday¡Çs press conference to launch the campaign,
the director of the American Association of Lawyers¡Ç programme
for the protection of women¡Çs rights, Ludmila Zavadskaya,
said, ¡ÈThe young women don¡Çt know their rights.
They don¡Çt know how the contacts are drawn up and what¡Çs
in them.¡É How the contracts could help the enslaved women
she did not explain.
Typically once abroad, the women¡Çs passports are taken
from them and various methods of violence and intimidation are used to
force them to work as sex slaves and to prevent them from attempting to
escape.
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Statistics suggest that only 2% of them return. According to Maria
Melnikova of the International Emigration Organization, ¡ÈWe
only find out about those (enslaved) girls if they are detained by the
police or they run away from their bosses. We then help them to return
home where to begin with, we give them refuge because their bosses are
a threat to them a long time after they run away.¡É
In Russia there are reportedly over 300 shadow companies involved in
trading young women. Lack of legislation facilitates their operations,
for although in Russia there are laws on child slavery, there is no such
law pertaining to adults. The nearest law is that on abduction. In addition,
according to Gorchakova ¡Ècorrupt officials in the Ministry
of Foreign Affaires help those firms. How else can one explain how it is
that seventeen year-old girls get visas within two or three days, a process
which takes two or three weeks for normal people?¡É
| Typically once abroad, the women¡Çs passports are taken
from them and various methods of violence and intimidation are used to
force them to work as sex slaves and to prevent them from attempting to
escape. |
Recently in Vienna Russia signed an international protocol on measures
to ban the trade in humans, according to which the signatory states are
obliged to introduce definitive changes to legislation.
Incidentally, about two years ago Vladimir Zhirinovsky¡Çs
Liberal Democratic Party introduced a draft bill to outlaw the human trade
but it was rejected.
But Russia is not the only country which lacks adequate laws on the
human trade. In many countries people found to be working or residing illegally,
even if it is against their own will, are simply deported and thus cannot
give evidence and testify against the criminals who organize the human
trade.
Over the next month Angel plans to hand out thousands of leaflets in
Russia's major European cities warning young women of the dangers of foreign
job offers. The organization has also set up an advisory telephone hot
line.
This article are provided by Gazeta.RU
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